- . file [ arg ... ]
-
Read commands from file and execute them in the current shell
environment. If file does not contain a slash, or if
PATH_DIRS is set, the shell looks in the components of
path to find the directory containing file.
Files in the current directory are not read unless "." appears
somewhere in path. If any arguments arg are given, they
become the positional parameters; the old positional parameters are
restored when the file is done executing. The exit status is
the exit status of the last command executed.
- : [ arg ... ]
-
This command only expands parameters. A zero exit code is returned.
- alias [ -grm ] [ name[=value] ] ...
-
With no arguments, print the list of aliases in the form
name=value on the standard output. For each name
with a corresponding value, define an alias with that value. A
trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for
alias substitution. If the - g flag is present, define a
global alias; global aliases are expanded even if they do not occur
in command position. For each name with no value, print
the value of name, if any. If only the -g or the
-r flags are given only global or regular aliases are
listed. If the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as
patterns (they should be quoted to preserve them from being
interpreted as glob patterns) and the aliases matching these patterns
are printed. The exit status is nonzero if a name (with no
value) is given for which no alias has been defined.
- autoload [ name ... ]
-
For each of the names (which are names of functions), create a
function marked undefined. The fpath variable will be searched
to find the actual function definition when the function is first
referenced.
- bg [ job ... ]
job ... &
-
Put each specified job in the background, or the current job if
none is specified.
- bindkey -mevd
bindkey -r in-string ...
bindkey [ -a ] in-string [ command ] ...
bindkey -s [ -a ] in-string out-string ...
-
The -e and -v options put the keymaps in emacs mode or
vi mode respectively; they cannot be used simultaneously. The -
d option resets all bindings to the compiled-in settings. If
not used with options -e or v, the maps will be left in
emacs mode, or in vi mode if the VISUAL or EDITOR
variables exist and contain the string "vi". Metafied characters
are bound to selfinsert by default. The -m option loads the
compiled-in bindings of these characters for the mode determined by
the preceding options, or the current mode if used alone. Any previous
bindings done by the user will be preserved. If the -r option
is given, remove any binding for each in-string. If the
-s option is not specified, bind each in-string
to a specified command. If no command is specified,
print the binding of in-string if it is bound, or return
a nonzero exit code if it is not bound. If the -s option is
specified, bind each instring to each specified
out-string. When in-string is typed,
out-string will be pushed back and treated as input to
the line editor. This process is recursive but, to avoid infinite
loops, the shell will report an error if more than 20 consecutive
replacements happen. If the -a option is specified, bind the
in-strings in the alternative keymap instead of the
standard one. The alternative keymap is used in vi command mode.
It's possible for an in-string to be bound to something
and also be the beginning of a longer bound string. In this case the
shell will wait a certain time to see if more characters are typed and
if not it will execute the binding. This timeout is defined by the
KEYTIMEOUT parameter; its default is 0.4 sec. No timeout is done if
the prefix string is not bound.
For either in-string or out-string,
control characters may be specified in the form ^X, and the
backslash may be used to introduce one of the following escape
sequences:
- \a
- bell character
- \n
- linefeed (newline)
- \b
- backspace
- \t
- horizontal tab
- \v
- vertical tab
- \f
- form feed
- \r
- carriage return
- \e,\E
- escape
- \NNN
- character code in octal
- \xNN
- character code in hexadecimal
- \M-xxx
-
character or escape sequence with meta bit set. The `-' after the `M'
is optional.
- \C-X
-
control character. The `-' after the `C' is optional.
In all other cases, \ escapes the following character. Delete is
written as `^?'. Note that `\M^?' and `^\M?' are not the
same.
Multi-character in-strings cannot contain the null
character ("^@" or "^ "). If they appear in a bindkey
command, they will be silently translated to "\M-^@". This
restriction does not apply to out-strings,
single-character in-strings and the first character of a
multi-char in-string.
- break [ n ]
-
Exit from an enclosing for, while, until,
select, or repeat loop. If n is specified, then
break n levels instead of just one.
- builtin name [ args ] ...
- Executes the builtin name, with the given args.
- bye
- Same as exit.
- cd [ arg ]
cd old new
cd ±n
-
Change the current directory. In the first form, change the current
directory to arg, or to the value of HOME if arg
is not specified. If arg is -, change to the value of
OLDPWD, the previous directory. If a directory named arg
is not found in the current directory and arg does not begin
with a slash, search each component of the shell parameter
cdpath. If the option CDABLEVARS is set, and a parameter
named arg exists whose value begins with a slash, treat its
value as the directory.
The second form of cd substitutes the string new for the
string old in the name of the current directory, and tries to
change to this new directory.
The third form of cd is equivalent to popd.
- chdir
- Same as cd.
- compctl
-
Programmable completion control. This almost deserves a man page of its own.
- continue [ num ]
-
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while,
until, select, or repeat loop. If n is
specified, break out of n - 1 loops and resume at the
nth enclosing loop.
- declare [ arg ... ]
-
Same as typeset.
- dirs [ -v ] [ arg ... ]
-
With no arguments, print the contents of the directory stack. If the
-v option is given, number the directories in the stack when
printing. Directories are added to this stack with the pushd
command, and removed with the cd or popd commands. If
arguments are specified, load them onto the directory stack, replacing
anything that was there, and push the current directory onto the
stack.
- disable [ -m ] arg ...
-
Disable the builtin arg temporarily. This allows you to use an
external command with the same name as a shell builtin. Without
arguments all disabled builtins are printed, with the -m flag
the arguments are taken as patterns (should be quoted to preserve them
from being taken as glob patterns) and all builtins matching these
patterns are disabled. Actually the same as unhash. Builtins
can be enabled with the enable command.
- disown job ...
-
Remove the specified jobs from the job table; the shell will no longer
report their status, and will not complain if you try to exit an
interactive shell with them running or stopped.
- echo [ -n ] [ arg ... ]
-
Write each arg on the standard output, with a space separating
each one. If the -n flag is not present, print a newline at the
end. echo recognizes the following escape sequences:
- \a
- bell character
- \b
- backspace
- \c
- don't print an ending newline
- \e
- escape
- \f
- form feed
- \n
- newline
- \r
- carriage return
- \t
- horizontal tab
- \v
- vertical tab
- \\
- backslash
- \0NNN
-
character code in octal, with a maximum of three digits after the
zero; a non-octal digit terminates the number
- \xNN
-
character code in hexadecimal, with a maximum of two digits after the
`x'; a non-hexadecimal digit terminates the number.
- echotc cap [ arg ... ]
-
Output the termcap string corresponding to the capability cap,
with optional arguments.
- enable [ -m ] arg ...
-
Enable the specified builtin commands, presumably disabled earlier
with disable. Without arguments the enabled builtins are
printed and with the -m flag the arguments are taken as
patterns (should be quoted) and all builtins matching these patterns
are enabled.
- eval [ arg ... ]
-
Read the arguments as input to the shell and execute the resulting
command(s) in the current shell process.
- exit [ n ]
-
Exit the shell with the exit code specified by n; if none is
specified, use the exit code from the last command executed. An EOF
condition will also cause the shell to exit, unless the
IGNOREEOF option is set.
- export [ name[=value] ... ]
-
The specified names are marked for automatic export to the
environment of subsequently executed commands.
- false
- Do nothing and return an exit code of 1.
- fc [-e ename ] [ -nlrdDfEm ]
[old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
fc -ARWI [ filename ]
-
Select a range of commands from first to last from the
history list. The arguments first and last may be
specified as a number or as a string. A negative number is used as an
offset to the current history event number. A string specifies the
most recent event beginning with the given string. All substitutions
old=new, if any, are then performed on the commands. If
the -l flag is given, the resulting commands are listed on
standard output. If the -m flag is also given the first
argument is taken as a pattern (should be quoted) and only the history
events matching this pattern will be shown. Otherwise the editor
program ename is invoked on a file containing these history
events. If ename is not given, the value of the parameter
FCEDIT is used. If ename is "-", no editor is
invoked. When editing is complete, the edited command(s) is
executed. If first is not specified, it will be set to -1 (the
most recent event), or to -16 if the -l flag is given. If
last is not specified, it will be set to first, or to -1
if the -l flag is given. The flag -r reverses the order
of the commands and the flag -n suppresses command numbers when
listing. Also when listing, -d prints timestamps for each
command, and -f prints full time-date stamps. Adding the
-E flag causes the dates to be printed as `dd.mm.yyyy'. With
the -D flag, fc prints elapsed times.
fc -R reads the history from the given file, fc
-W writes the history out to the given file, and fc
-A appends the history out to the given file. fc
-AI ( WI) appends (writes) only those events that are
new since last incremental append (write) to the history file. In any
case the file will have no more than SAVEHIST entries.
- fg [ job ... ]
job ...
-
Bring the specified jobs to the foreground. If no job is
specified, use the current job.
- functions [ ±tum ] [ name ... ]
-
Equivalent to typeset -f.
- getln name ...
-
Read the top value from the buffer stack and put it in the shell
parameter name. Equivalent to read -zr. The flags
-c, -l, -A, -e, -E, and -n
are supported, too.
- getopts optstring name [ arg ... ]
-
Checks arg for legal options. If arg is omitted, use the
positional parameters. A valid option argument begins with a + or a
-. An argument not beginning with a + or a -, or the argument --, ends
the options. optstring contains the letters that
getopts recognizes. If a letter is followed by a `:', that
option is expected to have an argument. The options can be separated
from the argument by blanks.
Each time it is invoked, getopts places the option letter it
finds in the shell parameter name, prepended with a + when
arg begins with a +. The index of the next arg is stored
in OPTIND. The option argument, if any, is stored in
OPTARG.
A leading : in optstring causes getopts to store the
letter of the invalid option in OPTARG, and to set name
to `?' for an unknown option and to `:' when a required option is
missing. Otherwise, getopts prints an error message. The exit
status is nonzero when there are no more options.
- hash name path
-
Puts name in the command hash table, associating it with the
pathname path. Whenever name is used as a command
argument, the shell will try to execute the file given by
path.
- history [ -nrdDfEm ] [ first [ last ] ]
- Same as fc -l.
- integer [ ±lrtux ] [ name[=value] ] ...
-
Same as typeset -i, except that options irrelevant to
integers are not permitted.
- jobs [ -lprs ] [ job ... ]
-
Lists information about each given job, or all jobs if job is
omitted. The -l flag lists process ids, and the -p flag
lists process groups. If the -r flag is specified only
running jobs will be listed and if the -s flag is given only
stopped jobs are shown.
- kill [ -sig ] job ...
kill -l
-
Sends either SIGTERM or the specified signal to the given jobs or
processes. Signals are given by number or by names (with the prefix
"SIG" removed). If the signal being sent is not KILL or
CONT, then the job will be sent a CONT signal if it is stopped. The
argument job can be the process id of a job not in the job
list. In the second form, kill -l, the signal names are
listed.
- let arg ...
-
Evaluate each arg as an arithmetic expression. See
ARITHMETIC EVALUATION above for a description of
arithmetic expressions. The exit status is 0 if the value of the last
expression is nonzero, and 1 otherwise.
- limit [ -h ] [ resource [ limit ] ] ...
limit -s
-
Limit the resource consumption of the current shell and its
children. If limit is not specified, print the current limit
placed on resource; otherwise set the limit to the specified
value. If the -h flag is given, use hard limits instead of soft
limits. If no resource is given, print all limits.
resource is one of:
- cputime
- Maximum CPU seconds per process.
- filesize
- Largest single file allowed.
- datasize
- Maximum data size (including stack) for each process.
- stacksize
- Maximum stack size for each process.
- coredumpsize
- Maximum size of a core dump.
- resident
- Maximum resident set size.
- memoryuse
- The same as resident.
- memorylocked
- Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.
- descriptors
- Maximum value for a file descriptor.
- openfiles
- Maximum number of open files.
- vmemorysize
- Maximum amount of virtual memory.
Which of these resource limits are available depends on the
system. limit is a number, with an optional scaling factor, as
follows:
- nh
- hours.
- nk
- kilobytes.This is the default for all but cputime.
- nm
- megabytes or minutes.
- mm:ss
- minutes and seconds.
- local [ ±LRZilrtu [n]] [
name[=value] ] ...
-
Same as typeset, except that the options -x and
-f are not permitted.
- log
-
List all users currently logged in who are affected by the current
setting of the watch parameter.
- logout
- Exit the shell, if this is a login shell.
- popd [ ±n ]
-
Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes
the top directory from the stack, and performs a cd to the new
top directory. With an argument of the form +n, remove the
nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by the
dirs command, starting with zero, and change to that
directory. With an argument of the form -n, remove the
nth entry counting from the right. If the PUSHD_MINUS
option is set, the meanings of + and - in this context are swapped.
- print [ -RnrslzpNDPoOic ] [ -un ] [ arg ... ]
-
With no flags or with flag -, the arguments are printed on the
standard output as described by echo, with the following
differences: the escape sequence \M - x metafies the character
x (sets the highest bit), \C-x produces a control character
(\C-@ and \C-? give the characters NULL and delete) and \E is a
synonym for \e. Finally, if not in an escape sequence, \ escapes the
following character and is not printed.
- -R, -r
-
ignore the escape conventions of echo. The - R option
will print all subsequent arguments and options.
- -s
- place the results in the history list instead of on the standard output.
- -n
- do not add a newline to the output.
- -l
- print the arguments separated by newlines instead of spaces.
- -N
- print the arguments separated and terminated by nulls.
- -o
- print the arguments sorted in ascending order.
- -O
- print the arguments sorted in descending order.
- -i
-
if given together with -o or -O makes them work case
independently
- -c
- print the arguments in columns
- -un
- print the arguments to file descriptor n.
- -p
- print the arguments to the input of the coprocess.
- -z
-
push the arguments onto the editing buffer stack, separated by spaces;
no escape sequences are recognized.
- -D
-
treat the arguments as directory names, replacing prefixes with ~
expressions, as appropriate.
- -P
- recognize the same escape sequences as in the PROMPT parameter.
- pushd [ arg ]
pushd old new
pushd ±n
-
Change the current directory, and push the old current directory onto
the directory stack. In the first form, change the current directory
to arg. If arg is not specified, change to the second
directory on the stack (that is, exchange the top two entries), or
change to the value of HOME if the PUSHD_TO_HOME option
is set or if there is only one entry on the stack. If arg is -
, change to the value of OLDPWD, the previous directory. If a
directory named arg is not found in the current directory and
arg does not contain a slash, search each component of the
shell parameter cdpath. If the option CDABLEVARS is set,
and a parameter named arg exists whose value begins with a
slash, treat its value as the directory. If the option
PUSHD_SILENT is not set, the directory stack will be printed
after a pushd is performed.
The second form of pushd substitutes the string new for
the string old in the name of the current directory, and tries
to change to this new directory.
The third form of pushd is equivalent to popd.
- pushln
-
Equivalent to print -nZ.
- pwd
- Equivalent to print -R $PWD.
- r
- Equivalent to fc -e -.
- read [- rzpqAclneE ] [ -k [ num ] ] [
un ] [ name?prompt ] [ name ... ]
-
Read one line and break it into fields using the characters in
IFS as separators. In raw mode, -r, a \ at the end of a
line does not signify line continuation. With the -q flag read
only one character and set name to `y' if this character was
`y' or `Y' and to `n' otherwise. With this flag set the return value
is zero only if the character was `y' or `Y'. If the -k flag
is given read only one (or num) characters. If the -z
flag is set, read from the editor buffer stack. The first field is
assigned to the first name, the second field to the second
name, etc., with leftover fields assigned to the last
name. If the -e or the -E flag is given, the
words read are printed after the whole line is read. If the -e
flag is set, the words are not assigned to the parameters. If the
-A flag is set, the first name is taken as the name of
an array and all words are assigned to it. The -c and -l
flags are allowed only if called inside a function used for
completion (specified with the -K flag to compctl). If
the -c flag is given, the words of the current command are
read. If the -l flag is given, the whole line is assigned as a
scalar. Together with the -n flag these options give the number
of the word the cursor is on and the index of the character the cursor
is on respectively. If name is omitted then REPLY is
used for scalars and reply for arrays. If -un is
specified, then input is read from file descriptor n; if -p
is specified, then input is read from the coprocess. If the
first argument contains a ?, the remainder of this word is used
as a prompt on standard error when the shell is
interactive. The exit status is 0 unless an end-of-file is
encountered.
- readonly [ name[=value] ] ...
-
The given names are marked readonly; these names cannot be
changed by subsequent assignment.
- rehash [ -f ]
-
Throw out the command hash table and start over. If the - f
option is set, rescan the command path immediately, instead of
rebuilding the hash table incrementally.
- return [ n ]
-
Causes a shell function or . script to return to the invoking
script with the return status specified by n. If n is
omitted then the return status is that of the last command
executed.
If return was executed from a trap, whether set by the
trap builtin or by defining a TRAPxxx function, the
effect is different for zero and non-zero return status. With zero
status (or after an implicit return at the end of the trap), the shell
will return to whatever it was previously processing; with a non-zero
status, the shell will behave as interrupted except that the return
status of the trap is retained. Note that the signal which caused the
trap is passed as the first argument, so the statement `return
$[128+$1]' will return the same status as if the signal had not
been trapped.
- sched [+]hh:mm command ...
sched [ -item ]
-
Make an entry in the scheduled list of commands to execute.The time
may be specified in either absolute or relative time. With no
arguments, prints the list of scheduled commands. With the argument
-item, removes the given item from the list.
-
set [± options ] [ ± o option
name ] ... [ -A [name] ] [ arg ] ...
-
Set the options for the shell and/or set the positional parameters, or
declare an array. For the meaning of the flags, see OPTIONS
above. Flags may be specified by name using the -o option. If
the -A flag is specified, name is set to an array
containing the given args; if no name is specified, all
arrays are printed. Otherwise the positional parameters are set. If no
arguments are given, then the names and values of all parameters are
printed on the standard output. If the only argument is +, the names
of all parameters are printed.
- setopt [ ±options ] [ name ... ]
-
Set the options for the shell. All options specified either with flags
or by name are set. If no arguments are supplied, the names of all
options currently set are printed. In option names, case is
insignificant, and all underscore characters are ignored. If the
-m flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (should be
quoted to preserve them from being interpreted as glob patterns) and
all options with names matching these patterns are set.
- shift [ n ] [ name ... ]
-
The positional parameters from $n+1 ... are renamed
$1, where n is an arithmetic expression that defaults to
1. If any names are given then the arrays with these names are
shifted instead of the positional parameters.
- source
-
Same as ., except that the current directory is always searched
and is always searched first, before directories in path.
- suspend [ -f ]
-
Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a SIGTSTP) until it
receives a SIGCONT. If the -f option is not given,
complain if this is a login shell.
- test arg ...
[ arg ... ]
-
Like the system version of test. Added for compatibility; use
conditional expressions instead.
- times
-
Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for
processes run from the shell.
- trap [ arg ] [ sig ] ...
-
arg is a command to be read and executed when the shell
receives sig. Each sig can be given as a number or as
the name of a signal. Inside the command, $1 refers to the number of
the signal which caused the trap. If arg is -, then all traps
sig are reset to their default values. If arg is the
null string, then this signal is ignored by the shell and by the
commands it invokes. If sig is ZERR then arg will
be executed after each command with a nonzero exit status. If
sig is DEBUG then arg will be executed after each
command. If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap
statement is executed inside the body of a function, then the command
arg is executed after the function completes. If sig is
0 or EXIT and the trap statement is not executed
inside the body of a function, then the command arg is executed
when the shell terminates. The trap command with no arguments
prints a list of commands associated with each signal.
- true
- Do nothing and return an exit code of 0.
- ttyctl -fu
-
The -f option freezes the tty, and - u unfreezes
it. When the tty is frozen, no changes made to the tty settings by
external programs will be honored by the shell, except for changes in
the size of the screen; the shell will simply reset the settings to
their previous values as soon as each command exits or is
suspended. Thus, stty and similar programs have no effect when
the tty is frozen. Without options it reports whether the terminal is
frozen or not.
- type
- Same as whence -v.
- typeset [ ±LRZfilrtuxm [n]] [
name[=value] ] ...
-
Set attributes and values for shell parameters. When invoked inside a
function a new parameter is created which will be unset when the
function completes. The new parameter will not be exported unless
ALLEXPORT is set, in which case the parameter will be exported
provided no parameter of that name already exists. The following
attributes are valid:
- -L
-
Left justify and remove leading blanks from value. If n
is nonzero, it defines the width of the field; otherwise it is
determined by the width of the value of the first assignment. When the
parameter is printed, it is filled on the right with blanks or
truncated if necessary to fit the field. Leading zeros are removed if
the - Z flag is also set.
- -R
-
Right justify and fill with leading blanks. If n is nonzero if
defines the width of the field; otherwise it is determined by the
width of the value of the first assignment. When the parameter is
printed, the field is left filled with blanks or truncated from the
end.
- -Z
-
Right justify and fill with leading zeros if the first non-blank
character is a digit and the -L flag has not been set. If
n is nonzero it defines the width of the field; otherwise it is
determined by the width of the value of the first assignment.
- -f
-
The names refer to functions rather than parameters. No assignments
can be made, and the only other valid flags are -t and -
u. The flag - t turns on execution tracing for this
function. The flag -u causes this function to be marked for
autoloading. The fpath parameter will be searched to find the
function definition when the function is first referenced.
- -i
-
Use an internal integer representation. If n is nonzero it
defines the output arithmetic base, otherwise it is determined by the
first assignment.
- -l
- Convert to lower case.
- -r
- The given names are marked readonly.
- -t
- Tags the named parameters. Tags have no special meaning to the shell.
- -u
- Convert to upper case.
- -x
-
Mark for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands.
Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. If no
arguments are given but flags are specified, a list of named
parameters which have these flags set is printed. Using + instead of -
keeps their values from being printed. If no arguments or options are
given, the names and attributes of all parameters are printed. If only
the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns
(should be quoted) and all parameters or functions (with the -
f flag) with matching names are printed.
- ulimit [ -Hacdflmnopstv ] [ limit ]
-
Set or display a resource limit. When setting a limit it will apply to
the children of the shell but not to the shell itself. The value of
limit can be a number in the unit specified below or the value
unlimited. If the H flag is given use hard limits
instead of soft limits.
- -a
- Lists all of the current resource limits.
- -c
- The number of 512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps.
- -d
- The number of K-bytes on the size of the data segment.
- -f
- The number of 512-byte blocks on the size of files written.
- -l
- The number of K-bytes on the size of locked-in memory.
- -m
- The number of K-bytes on the size of physical memory.
- -n
- The number of file descriptors.
- -o
- The number of open files.
- -p
- The number of processes.
- -s
- The number of K-bytes on the size of the stack.
- -t
- The number of CPU seconds to be used.
- -v
- The number of K-bytes on the size of virtual memory.
- umask [ mask ]
-
The umask is set to mask. mask can be either an octal
number or a symbolic value as described in chmod(1). If
mask is omitted, the current value is printed. Note that in the
symbolic form the permissions you specify are those which are to be
allowed (not denied) to the users specified.
- unalias [ -m ] name ...
-
The alias definition, if any, for each name is removed. With
the - m flag the arguments are taken as patterns (should be
quoted) and all aliases with matching names are removed.
- unfunction [ -m ] name ...
-
The function definition, if any, for each name is removed. If
the -m flag is specified the arguments are taken as patterns
(should be quoted) and all functions with matching names are
removed.
- unhash [ -m ] name ...
-
The entry in the command hash table, if any, for each name is
removed. If the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as
patterns (should be quoted) and all entries for commands with matching
names will be removed.
- unlimit [ -h ] resource ...
-
The resource limit for each resource is set to the hard
limit. If the -h flag is given and the shell is running as
root, the hard resource limit for each resource is removed.
- unset [ -m ] name ...
-
Each named parameter is unset. If the -m flag is specified the
arguments are taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all parameters
with matching names are unset.
- unsetopt [ ±options ] [ name ... ]
-
Unset the options for the shell. All options specified either with
flags or by name are unset. If the -m flag is given the
arguments are considered to be patterns (don't forget to quote them)
and all options with names matching these patterns are unset.
- vared [ -c ] [ -p prompt ] [ -r
rprompt ] name
-
The value of the parameter name is loaded into the edit buffer,
and the line editor is invoked. When the editor exits, name is
set to the string value returned by the editor. If the -c flag
is given the parameter is created if it doesn't already exist. If the
-p flag is given the following string will be taken as the
prompt to display at the left and if the -r flag is given the
following string gives the prompt to display at the right.
- wait [ job ... ]
-
Wait for the specified jobs or processes. If job is not given
then all currently active child processes are waited for. Each
job can be either a job specification or the process-id of a
job in the job table. The exit status from this command is that of the
job waited for.
- whence [ -acpvm ] name ...
-
For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name. The -v flag produces a more verbose report. The
-p flag does a path search for name even if it is a
shell function, alias, or reserved word. The -c flag prints the
results in a csh-like format.The -a flag does a search for all
occurrences of name throughout the command path. With the
-m flag the arguments are taken as patterns (should be quoted)
and the information is displayed for each command matching one of
these patterns.
- which
-
Same as whence -c.