NAME

INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/pc532

DESCRIPTION

About this Document

This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD1.4.1 on the pc532 platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt.

.ps
PostScript.

.html
Standard internet HTML.

.more
The enhanced text format used on Unix-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally presented.

.txt
Plain old ASCII.

You are reading the HTML version.

What is NetBSD?

The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UN*X-like operating system derived from the Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on twenty different system architectures featuring eight distinct families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD1.4.1 release contains complete binary releases for fourteen different machine types. (The six remaining are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.netbsd.org/)

NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, The X Window System, and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist.

Changes Since The Last Release

The NetBSD1.4.1 release is a substantial improvement over its predecessors. We have provided numerous significant functional enhancements, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhancements. The results of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems.

It is impossible to completely summarize the nearly two years of development that went into the NetBSD1.4.1 release. Some highlights include:

  • Substantial improvements in the TCP/IP implementation, including numerous performance enhancements and bug fixes by Jason Thorpe and others.

  • A new, high efficiency kernel memory pool allocator by Paul Kranenburg. This has been integrated into most kernel subsystems.

  • A new, totally rewritten virtual memory subsystem, UVM, created by Chuck Cranor, which is substantially cleaner and better performing than the old Mach derived VM subsystem.

  • Improved POSIX and XPG standards compliance.

  • Completion of the integration of all remaining 4.4BSD Lite-2 kernel improvements and bug fixes that had not been previously integrated. (Integration of all userland components was completed before NetBSD1.3)

  • Several new ports, including macppc, bebox, sparc64, next68k, and others, have been integrated into the source tree.

  • The system compilers have been upgraded to egcs 1.1.1, and the system compiler toolchain now (mostly) uses the latest versions of GNU binutils instead of the obsolete versions left over from 4.4BSD Lite.

  • Everyone's favorite ftp(1) client has been improved even further. See the man page for details.

  • A new architecture independent console driver, wscons(4), has been integrated into many ports.

  • Numerous improvements have been made to the audio subsystem support, including support for MIDI device drivers.

  • Linux compatibility support has been improved.

  • A number of scheduler enhancements have yielded dramatic improvements in interactive performance and better control of background tasks.

  • Several network tunneling protocols, including GRE and IP in IP, have been implemented.

  • Kernel support for the CODA distributed file system has been added.

  • Manuel Bouyer completed major changes to the IDE support. It is now architecture independent. Major changes have been made to the IDE code for better error handling, improved ATAPI support, 32 bit data I/O support and bus-master DMA support on PCI IDE controllers.

  • Lennart Augustsson has added full USB support, permitting the use of a wide variety of Universal Serial Bus peripherals. The drivers should easily port to any future platforms that support the PCI bus. See usb(4) for an overview.

  • RAIDframe, version 1.1, from the Parallel Data Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University, has been integrated. Supports RAID levels 0, 1, 4, 5, and more.

  • Luke Mewburn added nsswitch.conf(5) functionality to the system to specify the search order for system databases.

  • syslogd(8) now supports listening on multiple sockets, to make the chrooting of servers easier.

  • Most third party packages have been updated to the latest stable release.

As has been noted, there have also been innumerable bug fixes.

Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue.

For the pc532 port, there are a few known problems. They include:

  1. ppp reports a lot of input errors on some machines.

  2. Some tape drives do not work very well. Some have hung the system.

  3. The serial drivers do not have all the desired features. (ttyflags is the most glaring omission.)

The Future of NetBSD

The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of computer software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project.

The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by:

  • providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields.

  • providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project.

  • providing a better position from which to undertake promotional activities.

  • periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work.

We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambition is to provide a full release every six to eight months.

We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD.

We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. In addition, we intend to provide Anonymous CVS access to the NetBSD source tree in the near future, so that anyone on the internet can examine the full NetBSD source code repository.

We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources submit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the usability of the system.

Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists.

Sources of NetBSD

NetBSD Mirror Site List
The following sites mirror NetBSD as of April 03, 1999.

If you wish to become a distribution site for NetBSD, contact mirrors@netbsd.org.

FTP mirrors

Australia

ftp.au.netbsd.org
RMIT University, Melbourne
ftp://ftp.au.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

ftp2.au.netbsd.org
University of Queensland, Brisbane
ftp://ftp2.au.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

Austria

ftp.at.netbsd.org
University of Technology, Vienna
ftp://ftp.at.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

Brazil

ftp.ravel.ufrj.br
Cidade Universitaria
ftp://ftp.ravel.ufrj.br/pub/NetBSD/

Denmark

ftp.dk.netbsd.org
Aalborg University
ftp://ftp.dk.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

Finland

ftp.fi.netbsd.org
The Finnish University and Research Network, Espoo
ftp://ftp.fi.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

France

ftp.fr.netbsd.org
Paris University
ftp://ftp.fr.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

Germany

ftp.de.netbsd.org
University of Trier
ftp://ftp.de.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

ftp2.de.netbsd.org
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
ftp://ftp2.de.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

ftp.uni-regensburg.de
University of Regensburg
ftp://ftp.uni-regensburg.de/pub/comp/os/NetBSD/

Japan

ftp.jp.netbsd.org
Internet Research Institute Inc., Tokyo
ftp://ftp.jp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

core.ring.gr.jp
Electrotechnical Laboratory
ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/NetBSD/

ftp.dti.ad.jp
Dream Train Internet Inc., Tokyo
ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/NetBSD/

mirror.nucba.ac.jp
Nagoya University of Commerce and Business
ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/NetBSD/

netbsd.tohoku.ac.jp
Tohoku University, Sendai
ftp://netbsd.tohoku.ac.jp/NetBSD/

ring.asahi-net.or.jp
ASAHI Net
ftp://ring.asahi-net.or.jp/pub/NetBSD/

Netherlands

ftp.nl.netbsd.org
University of Amsterdam
ftp://ftp.nl.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

Norway

ftp.no.netbsd.org
Bergen IT Consult AS
ftp://ftp.no.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

ftp.ntnu.no
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
ftp://ftp.ntnu.no/pub/NetBSD/

Russia

ftp.ru.netbsd.org
Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Chernogolovka
ftp://ftp.ru.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

Sweden

ftp.stacken.kth.se
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
ftp://ftp.stacken.kth.se/pub/OS/NetBSD/

ftp.sunet.se
Swedish University NETwork, Uppsala
ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/os/NetBSD/

UK

ftp.uk.netbsd.org
Domino, London
ftp://ftp.uk.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

sunsite.org.uk
ftp://sunsite.org.uk/packages/netbsd/

USA

ftp.netbsd.org
Silicon Valley, California
ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/

ftp.cs.umn.edu
University of Minnesota
ftp://ftp.cs.umn.edu/pub/NetBSD

ftp.eecs.umich.edu
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/pub/NetBSD/

ftp.iastate.edu
Iowa State University
ftp://ftp.iastate.edu/pub/netbsd/

ftp.op.net
ftp://ftp.op.net/pub/NetBSD/

AFS mirrors

Sweden

ftp.stacken.kth.se
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
AFS path: /afs/stacken.kth.se/ftp/pub/OS/NetBSD

USA

ftp.iastate.edu
Iowa State University
AFS path: /afs/iastate.edu/public/ftp/pub/netbsd

NFS mirrors

UK

sunsite.org.uk
Instructions: mount -o ro sunsite.org.uk:/public/packages/netbsd /mnt

SUP mirrors

Australia

sup.au.netbsd.org
RMIT University, Melbourne
Instructions: ftp://sup.au.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/README.sup

France

sup.fr.netbsd.org
Paris University
Instructions: Similar to sup.netbsd.org

Germany

sup.de.netbsd.org
University of Trier
Instructions: ftp://sup.de.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/supfile.example

Japan

sup.jp.netbsd.org
Internet Research Institute Inc., Tokyo
Instructions: ftp://sup.jp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/README.sup

Norway

sup.no.netbsd.org
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Instructions: See /usr/src/share/examples/supfiles/sup.no.netbsd.org

UK

sup.uk.netbsd.org
Domino, London
Instructions: See ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/README.sup

USA

sup.netbsd.org
Silicon Valley, California
Instructions: See ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/README.sup

ftp.cs.umn.edu
University of Minnesota
Instructions: hostbase=/ftp/ftp/packages/NetBSD, collections are the same as on sup.NetBSD.ORG

WWW mirrors

Australia

www.au.netbsd.org
RMIT University, Melbourne
http://www.au.netbsd.org/

Austria

www.at.netbsd.org
University of Technology, Vienna
http://www.at.netbsd.org/

Finland

www.fi.netbsd.org
Global Wire Oy, Lappeenranta
http://www.fi.netbsd.org/

France

www.fr.netbsd.org
Paris University
http://www.fr.netbsd.org/

Germany

www.de.netbsd.org
http://www.de.netbsd.org/

Japan

www.jp.netbsd.org
Internet Research Institute Inc., Tokyo
http://www.jp.netbsd.org/

Norway

www.no.netbsd.org
Bergen IT Consult AS
http://www.no.netbsd.org/

USA

www.netbsd.org
Western Washington State University
http://www.netbsd.org/

www2.us.netbsd.org
New York
http://www.us.netbsd.org/


NetBSD 1.4.1 Release Contents

The root directory of the NetBSD1.4.1 release is organized as follows:

.../NetBSD-1.4.1/

BUGS
Known bugs list (somewhat incomplete and out of date).

CHANGES
Changes since earlier NetBSD releases.

LAST_MINUTE
Last minute changes.

MIRRORS
A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD1.4.1 distribution.

README.files
README describing the distribution's contents.

TODO
NetBSD's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date).

patches/
Post-release source code patches.

source/
Source distribution sets; see below.

In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD1.4.1 has a binary distribution. There are also 'README.export-control' files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the distribution (i.e. the `domestic' portion) that may be subject to export regulations of the United States. It is your responsibility to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions and to act accordingly.

The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the "source" subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows:

secrsrc.tgz:
This set contains the "domestic" sources. These sources may be subject to United States export regulations.
421K gzipped, 2M uncompressed

gnusrc.tgz:
This set contains the "gnu" sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets.
19M gzipped, 84.2M uncompressed

syssrc.tgz:
This set contains the sources to the NetBSD1.4.1 kernel, config(8), and dbsym(8).
13.5M gzipped, 66.7M uncompressed

sharesrc.tgz:
This set contains the "share" sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program, the sources for the typesettable document set, the dictionaries, and more.
3M gzipped, 11.9M uncompressed

src.tgz:
This set contains all of the NetBSD1.4.1 sources which are not mentioned above.
16.1M gzipped, 73.6M uncompressed

Most of the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The secrsrc.tgz set is contained in the source/security subdirectory. This set, which is available only to users in the United States and Canada, contains the sources normally found in /usr/src/domestic - primarily kerberos and other cryptographic security related software. (Remember, because of United States law, it may not be legal to distribute this set to locations outside of the United States and Canada.)

The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command:
       cat set_name.tgz | gunzip | (cd /; tar xpf - )
The sets/Split/ and security/Split/ subdirectories contain split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are are named "set_name.xx" where "set_name" is the distribution set name, and "xx" is the sequence number of the file, starting with "aa" for the first file in the distribution set, then "ab" for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distribution set.)

The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with cat as follows:
       cat set_name.?? | gunzip | (cd /; tar xpf - )

In each of the source distribution set directories, there is a file named CKSUMS which contains the checksums of the files in that directory, as generated by the cksum(1) utility. You can use cksum to check the integrity of the archives, if you suspect that one of the files is corrupt and have access to a cksum binary. Checksums based on other algorithms may also be present - see the release(7) man page for details.

NetBSD/pc532 Subdirectory Structure
The pc532-specific portion of the NetBSD1.4.1 release is found in the pc532 subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-1.4.1/pc532/
INSTALL.html
INSTALL.ps
INSTALL.txt
INSTALL.more
Installation notes; this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display.
binary/
sets/
pc532 binary distribution sets; see below.
security/
pc532 security distribution; see below.
installation/
floppy/
floppy-144.fs.gz
Installation file system obtained via SCSI floppy or download to RAM.
misc/
download.c.gz
Source for the program to download inst-11.fs into memory via the pc532 ROM monitor.
Binary Distribution Sets
The NetBSD pc532 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD1.4.1 release for the pc532. There are eight binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the pc532/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD1.4.1 distribution tree, and are as follows:

base
The NetBSD1.4.1 pc532 base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below.
10.4M gzipped, 26.2M uncompressed

comp
Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages.
8.3M gzipped, 27.5M uncompressed

etc
This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and carefully upgrade your configuration files by hand.)
56K gzipped, 330K uncompressed

games
This set includes the games and their manual pages.
2.8M gzipped, 6.8M uncompressed

kern
This set contains a NetBSD/pc532 1.4.1 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set.
457k gzipped, 910k uncompressed

man
This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets.
4.1M gzipped, 16.8M uncompressed

misc
This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share.
2.2M gzipped, 8.5M uncompressed

text
This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages.
1.3M gzipped, 4.4M uncompressed

The pc532 distribution set does not include a security distribution. If you are in the US and want the security distribution you must get the security source distribution and recompile libcrypt.a and recompile the following programs: ed(1), ftpd(8), makekey(8), rexecd(8), uucpd(8), init(8), lock(1), login(1), passwd(1), skeyinit(1), su(1), tn3270(1), and pppd(8).

NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 3.3.3.1. Binary sets for the X Window system are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are:

xbase
The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers.

xcomp
The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code.

xcontrib
Programs that were contributed to X.

xfont
Fonts needed by X.

The pc532 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz.

The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are /-relative and therefore are extracted below the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar xfp command from /.

The initial installation process on a pc532 without a previous NetBSD installation is supported by the following files:

floppy-144.fs
A file system containing the boot loader and install kernel with a 2MB root.

download.c
The source for a program to download inst-11.fs into memory via the pc532 ROM monitor.

The upgrade process is supported by having a copy of a 1.4.1 kernel available. This file is:

kern.tgz
Contains a kernel produced from the DEFAULT configuration file in pc532/conf.

Note
Each directory in the pc532 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does:

All BSDSUM files are historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file

All CKSUM files are POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file.

All MD5 files are MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -m file.

All SYSVSUM files are historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o -2 file.

The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of system can check the integrity of the release files.


NetBSD/pc532 System Requirements and Supported Devices

NetBSD/pc532 1.4.1 runs on a PC532 computer. It supports a subset of the ``standard'' hardware to date. This is defined as:

  • 4 - MB of memory

  • 8 serial lines done by 4 scn2681 chips

  • the NCR DP8490 SCSI chip (scsi only)

    - Most SCSI disks work (fixed and floppy)

    - A few SCSI tapes work

    - Some SCSI CD-ROM drives work

  • The Matthias Pfaller Parallel Port.

NetBSD/pc532 currently expects the ROM monitor to be the "autoboot monitor" of Oct/Nov 1991. It includes support to set up auto booting of NetBSD, including a secondary boot program that the autoboot monitor will load that in turn loads the NetBSD kernel from a NetBSD file system. Source and ROM images of the autoboot monitor are located at ftp://ftp.cs.wwu.edu/pub/pc532/mon.auto.tar.gz

Most of the pc532 specific development of NetBSD/pc532 was done on a machine with 8 MB of memory. It should run with 4 MB of memory although it may be slower.

Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media

The "standard" method of getting NetBSD/pc532 onto your pc532 is via the console terminal and using the downloading parts of the ROM monitor. As such, usually another computer has the distribution on disk and is connected via a serial line to your pc532's console port. A terminal connected to the attached host computer is used to access the pc532 console via a terminal program. The source for a program called download is part of this distribution. Download sends data to the ROM monitor over the serial line.

You may need to find and read the documentation about the ROM monitor download command and other low level comands.

Other methods of getting NetBSD/pc532 on your pc532 may include SCSI tape or SCSI floppy disk or cloning a disk on a system already running NetBSD/pc532.

If you have some operating system already running on your pc532, you can use that OS to get NetBSD/pc532 on a hard disk much easier than with the ROM monitor. (NetBSD/pc532 was developed from Minix/pc532 until it was self hosting. You can run NetBSD and Minix or other OS off the same disk.)

Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation

The major preparation needed is to make sure you can recover any current bits stored on your pc532. If you don't care about your data on the disk, you don't need to do anything.

Installing the NetBSD System

(IF you already have NetBSD/pc532 installed and you only want to update your system, see the next section.)

To install NetBSD/pc532, there are several things you need to know. First, NetBSD "autoconfigs" the scsi devices. floppy-144.fs has only support for disks configured into the kernel. Starting the search at SCSI address 0, lun 0 and increasing, the first disk found will be sd0 regardless of the address, the second will be sd1. KLONDIKE for example has the following devices installed:

       sd0: ID 0 LUN 0: Quantum LP52S hard disk drive
       sd1: ID 1 LUN 0: Micropolis 4110 hard disk drive
       sd2: ID 2 LUN 0: Teac FC-1, 3.5" floppy disk drive
       sd3: ID 2 LUN 1: Teac FC-1, 5.25" floppy disk drive
       cd0: ID 3 LUN 0: Toshiba XM-4101TA CD-ROM drive
       st0: ID 4 LUN 0: Tandberg TDC3600 QIC tape drive

Only sd0-sd3 are supported by the floppy-144.fs kernel.

Next you need to know what the install script wants to do. This install is script on the ram disk root that can do most of the work of configuring your disk.

  1. The script assumes your are using the first n sectors of your disk, where you can specify n. It will allow you to create up to 5 file system partitions, one swap partition and one boot partition.

  2. You should know how many total sectors are on your disk. The configure will report a head, track, and cylinder count, but I have found that on my disks, it reports something that makes a smaller disk than I really had.

  3. It is possible to have the install script make a partition over your save area AND not make a new file system, thus preserving what is there. Then, later you can make a new file system after you no longer need the stuff there. You will need to do only one boot to get things working from the disk.
The Install Procedure:

  1. Adjust your console device settings. The floppy-144.fs kernel will come up with 9600 baud, 7 bits, even parity and one stop bit. Adjust your terminal to match these settings. The monitor's baud rate can be changed with "baud d'9600".

  2. Get floppy-144.fs and boot the kernel from...

    Floppy
    From Floppy: (and using the autoboot monitor) If you have a 1.44 meg SCSI floppy drive, you can put floppy-144.fs onto a 3.5" floppy disk. Insert the disk into your floppy drive and use the monitor's boot command to boot the default image from the floppy. The image booted will ask you for a kernel to load. Answer
           sdxa:/netbsd
    Replace x with your drive number. For KLONDIKE, x would be 2.

    Tape
    You will need to load a copy of floppy-144.fs into RAM.
           - load the floppy-144.fs at 0x260000
           - run at 0x3BE020
    The boot program will ask you now for a kernel to load. Answer md0a:/netbsd.gz Serial Line Provided with the distribution is source for program called download. (download.c) This program when used as "download file" will read the contents of the file and output to standard output a byte sequence used by the pc532 ROM monitor to download a binary file into RAM. Using this program on a computer connected to the pc532, one can load a copy of floppy-144.fs into RAM at 0x260000. The boot sequence is now the same as with tape.

  3. The floppy-144.fs will run the new sysinst utility as the standard setup. It assumes a VT100 compatible terminal. If you don't want to try using sysinst or you dont' have a VT100, type f followed by the return. Then following these instructions for installation. If you want to use sysinst, read the i386 INSTALL instructions to learn about sysinst. Note: sysinst does not support SLIP or PPP connections.

  4. Choose a disk geometry. For me, the reported geometry left some sectors "unallocated". That is, the autoconfig message said the disk had 2428 cylinders, 9 heads, and 93 sectors/track. This gives a total of 2032236 sectors, but I knew that I had 2053880 sectors.

    To help in this process, there is a program "factor" that is on the floppy-144.fs. The usage is "factor number" and it lists the prime factors of number. For example, with the 2053880 sector disk I got:
           $ factor 2053880
           2053880: 2 2 2 5 51347
    Not many to choose from, so I tried ...
           $ factor 2053820
           2053820: 2 2 5 103 997
    Now I'd like to get about a meg per track:
           $ echo "2 * 997"|bc
           1994
    Now I need the number of tracks (or cylinders):
           $ echo "2 * 5 * 103"|bc
           1030

    So I ended up choosing 1030 cylinders, 1 head, 1994 sectors/track. I "lost" only 60 sectors, but got a "resonable geometry".

  5. run "install" -- it will ask you for the disk geometry and other questions. It will ask you for the geometry and then ask you how many of those sectors you want to use for NetBSD. It also wants to know the size of your boot partition (to be used with the auto-boot monitor), your root partition, your swap partition, and then any other partitions you may want. For the "other" partitions, it will ask for a mount point. The mount point will be "relative to /" and should not include the leading "/". Also, IF you do not want the partition to have newfs run on it (that is it might be the last one and have a copy of floppy-144.fs) enter "NO" to the mount point and it will not run newfs on the partition. It will enter the partition into the disklabel.

  6. look around, if you want ... and then halt NetBSD.

  7. reboot the machine. Using the autoboot monitor, all you should have to do is give the ROM monitor command "boot". The secondary UFS boot program eventually times out and auto-loads /netbsd. You can get it to do it faster by hitting "return".

    If you are not using the autoboot monitor, you will have to figure out the starting sector of the boot images partition and manually load the NetBSD boot loader from the disk using the read command. If you would rather use the autoboot monitor you can get source and ROM images from the URL ftp://ftp.cs.wwu.edu/pub/pc532/mon.auto.tar.gz

  8. Now it is time to load all the other files of the distribution: You can do this via --

    • a TCP/IP link (slip, ppp or plip) you have ifconfig, slattach, route, netstat, hostname and ftp on the mini-root. You can even use nfs... Plip is only an option if you have installed a centronics port in your pc532. You do have access to vi to edit your network files. (/etc/resolv.conf, ...)

    • floppy disk

    • tape

    • cd-rom (If you have a CD with NetBSD/532, which most likely won't happen for a while after 1.4.1 release.)
             mount -rt cd9660 /dev/cd0a /mnt
      Get the .tgz files from the cd-rom

    • Use the ROM compatable "download" program. The program download is included in the initial installation and can be used as the receive end of the download by using it as "download -r file_to_write". If the CRC is correct, the file is retained. If the CRC is not correct, the file is deleted.

  9. Load the .tgz files. Choose a place to put them. I would make a directory /gz.files and put them there. If you are "short on space," you might want to load them and extract them one at a time. A minimum installation is "base" and "etc". It takes about 32 Megs installed + 20 Megs for the base.tgz.

  10. Extract the tar files in /. For example, if your *.tgz were in a directory /gz.files, to extract base.tgz you would:
           cd /
           tar -xpzf /gz.files/base.tgz --unlink

    Add v to the flags if you want a verbose extract. The --unlink is to make sure that the install versions of sh, init, ... are replaced by their proper versons in base.tgz. I think it is wise to include the --unlink for other things.

  11. Extract at least "base", "etc" and "kern" for a new installation. For "update" extracts, move /etc to /etc.old and then extract "etc". You should extract "etc" for upgrades. For "full" installations, extract all files.

  12. Edit the information in /etc

    rc.conf
    Many things can be configured here

    hosts
    host name and address information

    resolv.conf
    which nameserver to use

    ttys
    make sure the console entry has the correct speed

    gettytab
    I find "ap" instead of "ep" in the default entry works better for me.

    fstab
    make sure it includes all partitions you want mounted

    Now you can adjust the kernel's default baud rate to match your monitor's default baud rate. Do the following:
           gdb -w /netbsd
           set scndefaultrate = your_baud_rate
           quit
    where your_baud_rate is the actual value, 19200, 38400 or something slower than 9600. If you set scndefaultrate to something bogus, you'll probably not be able to reboot... So be carefull!

  13. Reboot the machine and it should come up in multi-user mode *IF* you got it configured correctly.

  14. Enjoy! And help fix bugs and improve NetBSD/pc532!

Post installation steps

Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a propperly configured state, with the most important ones described below.

  1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf

    If you haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf, the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message        /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted.
    and with the root filesystem mounted read-write. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply hit return to get to a prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and hit return. At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use 'ed' or 'ex', you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to 'vi'. Do the following:
           mount /usr
           export TERM=vt220
    If you have /var on a seperate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot.

    Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your interface <int>, along the lines of
           ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0"
    or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:
           ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0"
    To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information.

    Other files in /etc that are new to NetBSD 1.4 and may require modification or setting up include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf and /etc/wscons.conf.

  2. Logging in

    After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords.

  3. Adding accounts

    Use the vipw(8) command to add accounts to your system, do not edit /etc/passwd directly. See adduser(8) for more information on the process of how to add a new user to the system.

  4. The X Window System

    If you have installed the X window system, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information.

    Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries.

  5. Installing 3rd party packages

    There is a lot of software freely available for Unix-based systems, almost all of which can run on NetBSD. Modifications are usually needed to when transferring programs between different Unix-like systems, so the NetBSD packages collection incorporates any such changes necessary to make that software run on NetBSD, and makes the installation (and deinstallation) of the software packages easy. There's also the option of building a package from source, in case there's no precompiled binary available.

    Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/ Package sources for compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the file ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz and extracting it into /usr/pkgsrc. See /usr/pkgsrc/README then for more information.

  6. Misc

    • To adjust the system to your local timezone, point the /etc/localtime symlink to the appropriate file under /usr/share/zoneinfo.

    • Edit /etc/aliases to forward root mail to the right place (run newaliases(1) afterwards.)

    • The /etc/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted; files aiding in this can be found in /usr/share/sendmail. See the README file there for more information.

    • Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use.

    • Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking
             man filename
      is likely to give you more information on these files.

Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System

The upgrade to NetBSD 1.4.1 is a binary upgrade; it can be quite difficult to advance to a later version by recompiling from source due primarily to interdependencies in the various components.

To do the upgrade, you must have at least base.tgz on disk and a copy of the proper netbsd.default. It will require quite a bit of disk space to do the upgrade.

Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to BACK UP ANY IMPORTANT DATA ON YOUR DISK, whether on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition, before beginning the upgrade process.

To upgrade your system, follow the following instructions:

  • Assuming you have space, load the .tgz files onto disk some place. Then boot the floppy-144.fs image via the method you use. Under the install system, extract the .tgz files as mentioned below or read the i386 INSTALL notes for how to use sysinst.

  • Extract the .tgz files. For example, to extract base.tgz:        cd /
           pax -zrvpe -f /gz.files/base.tgz

  • Extract all the .tgz files you want. You should carefully work at upgrading /etc. There may be changes to file formats depending on what version of NetBSD/pc532 you are running.

  • Be careful if you are not running with security. The 1.4.1 distribution does contain support for password encryption. If you are upgrading from 1.0, it would be reasonable to save a copy of master.passwd and remove all passwords until after you upgrade. (NetBSD-1.0 did not ship with password encryption.)

  • Place netbsd.default in / as the file netbsd.

  • Reboot. (Remember, detbsd.default is a 9600 console line kernel. Read the last part of the new installation part of these notes to find out how to change your default speed.)

  • After reboot, you should make sure you check your new file systems.

Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases

Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD1.4.1

Note
Only issues effecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.3 or NetBSD 1.3.x are decribed here.

  • "machine" directory/link in "/usr/include"

    Description
    Some architecture may fail to install the comp set because the
           /usr/include/machine
    directory changed to a symbolic link in NetBSD 1.4.

    Fix
    If this happens, you can use the command
           # rm -r /usr/include/machine
    to remove the old directory and it contents and reinstall the comp set.

Using online NetBSD documentation

Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by ``name(section)''. Some examples of this are

  • intro(1),
  • man(1),
  • apropros(1),
  • passwd(1), and
  • passwd(5).

The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.

The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man[ section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter
       man passwd
to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5)m enter
       man 5 passwd
instead.

If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word

where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed.

Administrivia

If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.ORG. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions.

There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.ORG.

To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@NetBSD.ORG.

Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks.

There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the "owner" of that port (listed below).

If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@NetBSD.ORG.

As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.

Thanks go to

  • The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): 
    Keith Bostic
Ralph Campbell
Mike Karels
Marshall Kirk McKusick

    for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement.

  • Also, our thanks go to: 
    Mike Hibler
Rick Macklem
Jan-Simon Pendry
Chris Torek

    for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done.

  • UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD.

  • Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP and SUP server.

  • Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD Mail server.

  • Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool.

  • Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it.

  • The following individuals and organiztions (each in alphabetical order) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: 

    Jason Birnschein
Jason Brazile
David Brownlee
Simon Burge
Dave Burgess
Ralph Campbell
Brian Carlstrom
James Chacon
Bill Coldwell
Charles Conn
Tom Coulter
Charles D. Cranor
Christopher G. Demetriou
Scott Ellis
Hubert Feyrer
Greg Gingerich
Guenther Grau
Ross Harvey
Charles M. Hannum
Michael L. Hitch
Jordan K. Hubbard
Scott Kaplan
Noah M. Keiserman
Chris Legrow
Neil J. McRae
Perry E. Metzger
Herb Peyerl
Mike Price
Thor Lancelot Simon
Bill Sommerfeld
Paul Southworth
Ted Spradley
Kimmo Suominen
Jason R. Thorpe
Steve Wadlow


    Advanced System Products, Inc.
Avalon Computer Systems
Bay Area Internet Solutions
Canada Connect Corporation
Demon Internet, UK
Digital Equipment Corporation
Easynet, UK
Free Hardware Foundation
Innovation Development Enterprises of America
Internet Software Consortium
MS Macro System GmbH, Germany
Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center
Piermont Information Systems Inc.
VMC Harald Frank, Germany
    (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.)

  • Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!)

We are...

(in alphabetical order)


The NetBSD core group:
Paul Kranenburgpk@NetBSD.ORG
Scott Reynoldsscottr@NetBSD.ORG
Christos Zoulaschristos@NetBSD.ORG

The portmasters (and their ports):
Mark Brinicombemark@NetBSD.ORG arm32
Jeremy Cooperjeremy@NetBSD.ORG sun3x
Ross Harveyross@NetBSD.ORG alpha
Ignatios Souvatzisis@NetBSD.ORG amiga
Eduardo Horvatheeh@NetBSD.ORG sparc64
Paul Kranenburgpk@NetBSD.ORG sparc
Anders Magnussonragge@NetBSD.ORG vax
Tsubai Masanaritsubai@NetBSD.ORG macppc
Tsubai Masanaritsubai@NetBSD.ORG newsmips
Minoura Makotominoura@NetBSD.ORG x68k
Phil Nelsonphil@NetBSD.ORG pc532
Scott Reynoldsscottr@NetBSD.ORG mac68k
Darrin Jewelldbj@NetBSD.ORG next68k
Gordon Rossgwr@NetBSD.ORG sun3, sun3x
Kazuki Sakamotosakamoto@NetBSD.ORG bebox
Wolfgang Solfrankws@NetBSD.ORG powerpc
Jonathan Stonejonathan@NetBSD.ORG pmax
Jason Thorpethorpej@NetBSD.ORG hp300
Frank van der Lindenfvdl@NetBSD.ORG i386
Leo Weppelmanleo@NetBSD.ORG atari
Steve Woodfordscw@NetBSD.ORG mvme68k

The NetBSD 1.4.1 Release Engineering team:
Ted Lemonmellon@NetBSD.ORG
Perry Metzgerperry@NetBSD.ORG
Curt Sampsoncjs@NetBSD.ORG

Developers and other contributors:
Steve Allenwormey@NetBSD.ORG
Lennart Augustssonaugustss@NetBSD.ORG
Christoph Badurabad@NetBSD.ORG
Manuel Bouyerbouyer@NetBSD.ORG
Robert V. Baronrvb@NetBSD.ORG
John Brezakbrezak@NetBSD.ORG
Allen Briggsbriggs@NetBSD.ORG
Aaron Brownabrown@NetBSD.ORG
David Brownleeabs@NetBSD.ORG
Simon Burgesimonb@NetBSD.ORG
Dave Burgessburgess@cynjut.infonet.net
Dave Carrelcarrel@NetBSD.ORG
Bill Coldwellbillc@NetBSD.ORG
Chuck Cranorchuck@NetBSD.ORG
Alistair Crooksagc@NetBSD.ORG
Aidan Cullyaidan@NetBSD.ORG
Rob Dekerdeker@NetBSD.ORG
Chris G. Demetrioucgd@NetBSD.ORG
Matthias Drochnerdrochner@NetBSD.ORG
Enami Tsugutomoenami@NetBSD.ORG
Bernd Ernestiveego@NetBSD.ORG
Erik Fairfair@NetBSD.ORG
Hubert Feyrerhubertf@NetBSD.ORG
Thorsten Frueauffrueauf@NetBSD.ORG
Brian R. Gaekebrg@dgate.org
Thomas Gernerthomas@NetBSD.ORG
Justin Gibbsgibbs@NetBSD.ORG
Adam Glassglass@NetBSD.ORG
Michael Graffexplorer@NetBSD.ORG
Brad Granthamgrantham@tenon.com
Matthew Greenmrg@NetBSD.ORG
Juergen Hannken-Illjeshannken@NetBSD.ORG
Charles M. Hannummycroft@NetBSD.ORG
Eric Haszlakiewiczerh@NetBSD.ORG
Michael L. Hitchosymh@NetBSD.ORG
Ken Hornsteinkenh@NetBSD.ORG
Marc Horowitzmarc@NetBSD.ORG
ITOH Yasufumiitohy@NetBSD.ORG
Matthew Jacobmjacob@NetBSD.ORG
Lonhyn T. Jasinskyjlonhyn@NetBSD.ORG
Darrin Jewelldbj@NetBSD.ORG
Lawrence Kestelootkesteloo@cs.unc.edu
Klaus Kleinkleink@NetBSD.ORG
John Kohljtk@NetBSD.ORG
Kevin Laheykml@NetBSD.ORG
Ted Lemonmellon@NetBSD.ORG
Mike Longmikel@NetBSD.ORG
Paul Mackerraspaulus@NetBSD.ORG
Neil J. McRaeneil@NetBSD.ORG
Perry Metzgerperry@NetBSD.ORG
Luke Mewburnlukem@NetBSD.ORG
der Mousemouse@NetBSD.ORG
Tohru Nishimuranisimura@NetBSD.ORG
Masaru Okioki@NetBSD.ORG
Greg Osteroster@NetBSD.ORG
Herb Peyerlhpeyerl@NetBSD.ORG
Matthias Pfallermatthias@NetBSD.ORG
Dante Profetadante@NetBSD.ORG
Chris Provenzanoproven@NetBSD.ORG
Darren Reeddarrenr@NetBSD.ORG
Tim Rightnourgarbled@NetBSD.ORG
Heiko W. Rupphwr@NetBSD.ORG
SAITOH Masanobumsaitoh@NetBSD.ORG
Kazuki Sakamotosakamoto@NetBSD.ORG
Curt Sampsoncjs@NetBSD.ORG
Wilfredo Sanchezwsanchez@NetBSD.ORG
Ty Sarnatsarna@NetBSD.ORG
Matthias Schelertron@NetBSD.ORG
Karl Schilke (rAT)rat@NetBSD.ORG
Tim Shepardshep@NetBSD.ORG
Chuck Silverschs@NetBSD.ORG
Thor Lancelot Simontls@NetBSD.ORG
Noriyuki Sodasoda@NetBSD.ORG
Wolfgang Solfrankws@NetBSD.ORG
Bill Sommerfeldsommerfeld@NetBSD.ORG
Ignatios Souvatzisis@NetBSD.ORG
Bill Studenmundwrstuden@NetBSD.ORG
Kevin Sullivansullivan@NetBSD.ORG
Kimmo Suominenkim@NetBSD.ORG
Matt Thomasmatt@NetBSD.ORG
Jason Thorpethorpej@NetBSD.ORG
Christoph Toshoktoshok@NetBSD.ORG
Todd Vierlingtv@NetBSD.ORG
Paul Vixievixie@NetBSD.ORG
Krister Walfridssonkristerw@NetBSD.ORG
Nathan Williamsnathanw@NetBSD.ORG
Colin Woodender@NetBSD.ORG

Legal Mumbo-Jumbo

The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document:

This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.

This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Hannum.

This product includes software developed by Adam Glass.

This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc.

This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Washington University.

This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor.

This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum.

This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum.

This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano.

This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps.

This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou.

This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas.

This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross.

This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley.

This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda.

This product includes software developed by Ezra Story.

This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross.

This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Weppelman.

This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross.

This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl.

This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall.

This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/.

This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes.

This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by John Polstra.

This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone.

This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield.

This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey.

This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman.

This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes.

This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe.

This product includes software developed by Markus Wild.

This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank.

This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor.

This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson.

This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller.

This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.

This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras.

This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy.

This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson.

This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes.

This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.

This product includes software developed by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert.

This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert.

This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak.

This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt.

This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.

This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc.

This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Science at the University of Utah.

This product includes software developed by the University of Calgary Department of Computer Science and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman.

This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project.

This product includes software developed for the Internet Software Consortium by Ted Lemon.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon.

This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by the Alice Group.

This product includes software developed by Philip L. Budne.

This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou.

This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson.

This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller.

This product includes software at the Helsinki University of Technology.

Some files have the following copyright:

Copyright (c) 1992 Helsinki University of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.

HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Copyright 1990 by Open Software Foundation, Grenoble, FRANCE

All Rights Reserved

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies and that both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of OSF or Open Software Foundation not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.

OSF DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL OSF BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Some files have the following copyright:

Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1992 Carnegie Mellon University Copyright (c) 1992 Helsinki University of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.

CARNEGIE MELLON AND HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ALLOW FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON AND HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DISCLAIM ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to

Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie Mellon the rights to redistribute these changes.

The IEEE floating point support in /usr/src/sys/arch/pc532/fpu has the following copyright:

IEEE floating point support for NS32081 and NS32381 fpus. Copyright (c) 1995 Ian Dall All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.

IAN DALL ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. IAN DALL DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.